Apollo Subsatellites

Apollo Subsatellite

The later Apollo missions Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 to the moon each left a subsatellite behind in lunar orbit to conduct remote scientific measurements of the moon from orbit. The Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 subsatellites were identical.

The subsatellite mission ended with impact of the Apollo 16 subsatellite on the far side of the Moon on May 29. 1972

Link - http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Apollo_Subsatellite



Science Experiments - Subsatellite

The Subsatellite measured regional variations in the Moon's gravitational acceleration and magnetic field and the distribution of charged particles around the Moon.



The Apollo 15 subsatellite being deployed into lunar orbit.

Prior to their return to Earth, the Apollo 15 and 16 crews deployed small, 38-kilogram subsatellites into lunar orbit. These subsatellites were identical on both missions and performed three experiments which continued the study of the lunar environment.

(1) S-band Transponder. Accurate tracking of the spacecraft from Earth allowed details of the Moon's gravity field to be mapped, which provided information about the distribution of mass in the Moon's interior. This was a continuation of the S-band transponder experiment during the main Apollo 15 mission.

(2) Magnetometer. The strength and orientation of the magnetic field near the Moon was measured. Because the Moon lies within the Earth's magnetic field, the magnetic field at the Moon varies as the Moon completes each month-long orbit around the Earth. In addition, some localized magnetic features were discovered on the Moon, such as at the craters Reiner Gamma on the lunar nearside and Van De Graaff on the lunar farside.

(3) Charged Particles. The density and energy of electrons and protons near the Moon were measured. These quantities vary with time as the Moon moves through the Earth's magnetic field and during eruptions such as solar flares on the Sun.

Link - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_15/experiments/subsat/


Apollo 15 Subsatellite - Artist's concept


An artist's concept showing TRW's small lunar subsatellite being ejected into lunar orbit from the SIM bay of the Apollo 15 Service Module. The 80 pound satellite will remain in orbit a year or more, carrying scientific experiments to study space in the vicinity of the Moon. The satellite carries three experiments: S-Band Transponder; Particle Shadows/Boundary Layer Experiment; and Subsatellite Magnetometer Experiment.

Link - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_15_Subsatellite.jpg





Graphic of the SIM bay on the CSM, with the sub-satellite labeled


Apollo 15 Subsatellite

NSSDC ID: 1971-063D
Description

The Apollo 15 subsatellite (PFS-1) was a small satellite released into lunar orbit from the Apollo 15 Service Module. Its main objectives were to study the plasma, particle, and magnetic field environment of the Moon and map the lunar gravity field. Specifically it measured plasma and energetic particle intensities and vector magnetic fields, and facilitated tracking of the satellite velocity to high precision. A basic requirement was that the satellite acquire fields and particle data everywhere on the orbit around the Moon. A virtually identical subsatellite was also deployed by Apollo 16. The Moon's roughly circular orbit about the Earth at ~380000 km (60 Earth radii) carried the subsatellite into both interplanetary space and various regions of the Earth's magnetosphere. The satellite orbited the Moon and returned data from 4 August 1971 until January 1973.
Spacecraft and Subsystems

The Apollo 15 subsatellite was a hexagonal cylinder 78 cm in length and approximately 36 cm across opposite corners of the hexagon with a mass of 36.3 kg. Three equally-spaced 1.5-meter-long deployable booms were hinged to one of the end platforms. A fluxgate magnetometer was on the end of one boom and the other two carried tip masses to provide balance. A short cylinder was attached to the end platform opposite the booms and was used for the initial deployment and spin-up of the satellite, which was achieved using a spring loaded mechanism in the SM bay. A wobble damper inside the satellite removed precessional and nutational motions. An S-band antenna protruded from the panel opposite the booms. Solar panels covering the six sides provided about 24 W of energy in sunlight and an average power of 14 W over one orbit of the Moon. The power subsystem also included a battery pack of 11 silver cadmium cells. An S-band transmitter was capable of sending 128 bits/s to the Earth. A magnetic core memory unit provided a storage capacity of 49,152 bits when the spacecraft could not transmit directly. Two solid state particle telescopes were mounted on an end panel of the spacecraft and four particle analyzer devices were attached to the sides.
Mission Profile

Apollo 15 launched at 13:34:00 UT (09:34:00 a.m. EDT) on 26 July 1971 and went into orbit around the Moon on 29 July at 20:06 UT. The Apollo 15 subsatellite was deployed on 4 August 1971 at 21:00:31 UT by launching it from the scientific instrument module of the Service Module at a relative velocity of approximately 1.2 m/s using a spring loaded device which also imparted a spin of 140 rpm to the satellite. After release, the booms were deployed, lowering the spin rate to 12 rpm. The spin axis was normal to the ecliptic plane within 1 degree. The orbital period was approximately 120 minutes, clockwise as viewed from the north. The perilune of the first orbit was 102 km, the apolune 139 km, and the inclination 28.5 degrees with respect to the Moon's equator, but the orbit was rapidly altered by gravitational perturbations. The geocentric ecliptic longitude of the Moon at the time of launch was 155 degrees. The subsatellite provided about 6 months of data coverage before two successive electronic failures in February 1972 caused the loss of most of the data channels. The surviving data channels were monitored intermittently until June 1972 and then more or less continuously until late January 1973, when ground support was terminated. It is assumed the subsatellite orbit decayed and it impacted the Moon sometime after this, the impact site is unknown.

Link - http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1971-063D


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